Euthanasia Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Euthanasia - Article Example physical or mental pain without prospect of relief† and have â€Å"provided a medical practitioner, while appearing to be lucid, with two written requests more than 10 days apart expressly stating the person’s free and informed consent to opt to die†. Organizations opposed to the idea of euthanasia aver that the contentions were weak and insufficient. In particular the phrase: â€Å"appearing to be lucid† is subject to scrutiny and subjective assessment of its veracity. Euthanasia has been specifically defined as â€Å"the intentional killing by act or omission of a dependent human being for his or her alleged benefit. The key word here is "intentional". If death is not intended, it is not an act of euthanasia.† (Euthanasia.com 1) The problem has been a source of controversial debate since people from diverse parts of the world hold various beliefs and values that run counter to the objective of euthanasia. Killing, has been viewed, as a criminal act and whatever purpose it deems to be achieved, it is still regarded as contrary to human law. Organizations and states which supported and legalized euthanasia have done so on the grounds that patients who are in pain and suffering without any recourse for recovery should be accorded with the right to die with dignity. The issue therefore continues to be debated upon with an impending bill seeking amendment to the Criminal Code to permit the â€Å"right to die with dignity†. The author concluded the article through inferring that despite identification of particular circumstances allowing euthanasia, it still could be subject to loopholes. Collier (2009, 464) specifically emphasized that the phrase â€Å"appearing to be lucid† is easily contestable given the state of physical and mental condition of the patients. In this regard, he is most likely arguing against euthanasia as a way to end a patient’s misery and pain. The author identified what the particular circumstances are in considering medical practitioners

How Technology Advancement has influenced Computer Ethics Essay Example for Free

How Technology Advancement has influenced Computer Ethics Essay The 21st century has been dubbed †the digital age† because of the monumental achievements witnessed in the Information, Communication and Technology (ICT) fields, which have impacted every aspect of human life. The internet has become one of the most lucrative Information Technology (IT) tool which has made communication and exchange of information faster and efficient. Consequently, it has transformed how people consume information. In spite of its benefits, the internet has led to a severe decline in ethics among internet users (Salman, Saad Ali, 2013). The widespread use of internet has led to increased and sophisticated crimes, terrorism and wars (May, 2004). This essay will be based on a case involving hackers who hold Personal Computers (PC) hostage. It will outline the potential computer ethics issues associated with holding computers hostage. It will also highlight methods that computer users could use to prevent this type of attack. Moreover, it will highlight governmental legislations that could be enacted against this type of attack. Ethics is defined as the principles governing both right and wrong among free humans (free moral agents), whose actions are influenced by their freedom of choice (Soskolne, n.d). Advancement of technology presents both positive and negative impacts to a society. Technological advancements have led to a rapid decline in social and ethical issues regarding to security and privacy of personal information (Shieh Tanthuwanit, 2004). One of the major forms of social ethic violation includes hackers holding personal computers hostage, and hence infringing on both privacy and security of targeted computer users. This in turn compromises information security concerned with the protection of information confidentiality, availability  and integrity (Gordon Loeb, 2002) According to Perlroth (2014), cyber criminals have devised a new mechanism of freezing computers through malwares, and then demanding a steep ransom pay before unlocking them. Perlroth (2014) adds that computer owners throughout the world have fallen victims of this malicious attack, which denies them access to their personal computers and files stored on them. The hackers instead serve them with a â€Å"pop up† message demanding some ransom payment before their computers could be unlocked. Hackers holding computers hostage infringe on personal privacy, and gain access to sensitive information regarding online bank accounts, security passwords and other highly private information (Perlroth, 2014). Security systems and other general-purpose computers are also vulnerable to this kind of attack because, if these hackers can break into users’ accounts even from [GoDaddy] domains to create malicious subdomains through which they send mails to target clients (Perlroth, 2014), then every computer system is vulnerable to such attacks. This means that not only is the privacy of the computer users compromised, but also the security of their data and the general security of their computer systems (The Canadian Press, 2014). In order to prevent hackers from holding computers hostage, computers users should double check their domain names, user accounts or web addresses before responding to any email clicks. In line to this, Perlroth (2014) observes that: Hackers were breaking into GoDaddy users’ accounts with stolen passwords and setting up what is known as a subdomain †¦ hackers would set up the Web address†¦ then send emails to customers †¦ because it appeared to come from a trusted source – was more likely to lure clicks. Likewise also, users should either contact an IT professional to help them remove the ransomware incase infected, or they can wipe their computers clean through formatting them and reinstalling new Operating system as well (Perlroth, 2014). In addition, professional network security personnel should be consulted in order to ensure that passwords, firewalls, authentications and proxy servers among other security utilities are properly set and enhanced to fortify system security (French, 2012) Although the hunting, catching and eventual convicting of these hackers has not yet achieved substantial success (Perlroth, 2014), the government should enact privacy laws that pronounce higher penalty for perpetrators of personal privacy and security infringement so that their benefit is less in value when compared to pending punishment. Some of the active laws that have been enacted to curb this tragedy include the Computer Fraud and Abuse Acts which cover the use of malicious codes including worms, viruses, and other malicious programs intended to alter or damage data in a user’s computer (Title 18 U.S.C Section 1030). Another legislation that could counter this attack is the National Information Infrastructure Protection Act (NIIPA) which criminalizes the transmission of a command, program, or code with malicious intentions [like holding a compute hostage] (Colombell, 2002). In conclusion, when hackers hold computers hostage, they infringe on the personal privacy and security of personal information. During the period when the computers are held hostage, computer users not only risk having their sensitive information accessed and sometimes damaged, but they are also financially exploited in order to have their computers unlocked. Some of the feasible strategies of avoiding this attack include exercising a lot of care regarding the types of sites visited and clicked, and avoiding sending payments to hackers whenever a computer is hacked. Instead seek immediate assistance from a professional who will help you to manually get rid of the ransomware without paying the hackers off. References Colombell, M., R. (2002). The Legislative Response to the Evolution of Computer Viruses. 8 RICH. J.L. TECH. 18. Retrieved from http://jolt.richmond.edu/v8i3/article18.html French, A., M. (2012). A Case Study on E-Banking Security – When Security Becomes Too Sophisticated for the User to Access Their Information. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 17(2). Gordon, L., Loeb, M. (2002). The Economics of Information Security Investment. ACM Transactions on Information and System Security, 5 (4), 438–457. May, M. (2004). Federal Computer Crime Laws. SANS Institute. Retrieved from http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/legal/federal-computer-crime-laws-1446? Show=federal-computer-crime-laws-1446cat=legal Perlroth, N. (2014, April 22). Hackers holding your PC to ransom. Deccan Herald. Retrieved from http://www.deccanherald.com/content/297460/hackers-holding-your-pc-ransom.html. Salman, A., Saad, S., Ali, M., N. (2013). Dealing with Ethical Issues among Internet Users: Do We Need Legal Enforcement? Asian Social Science, 9(8): 3-8. Shieh, M., Tanthuwanit, K. (2004). Privacy and Security: Internet Hacking and Surveillance. Retrieved from http://www.ethicapublishing.com/CH16.pdf Title 18 U.S.C Section 1030, internet, http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/1030.html Soskolne, C., L. (n.d). Workplace Health and Safety Information: Ethical Issues. Retrieved from http://ilocis.org/documents/chpt19e.htm The Canadian Press (2014, April 14). Computer hacking expert says more bad news to come from Heartbleed. Edmonton Journal. Retrieved from

violence and women :: essays research papers

Violence and Women I thought that our discussion went well. We had a small group of about six people but three of us were leaders so we had a lot to talk about. Each of us went around and asked one question because we did not have time to discuss them all. But that did not matter because the other leaders had similar questions to mine. I was able to retrieve different responses from the others in the group for three out of my four questions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My first question asked why rape was so much more common among college students than among the whole rest of the population. The group came up with the fact that college is the first time people discover drinking and sexuality and want to do all the experimenting they can. Also it is the first time most college students are on their own meaning without the guidance of their parents, and that could probably effect their decision making for the worse. Also a college campus has a more accepting atmosphere for rape and sexual harassment. Every night students are heavily drinking, going to dance clubs or parties with dancing, while people of older age groups have families to take care of, jobs and more responsibilities altogether. For someone older, being accused of rape could ruin their life and most men would not want to risk that. This leads into my next question about fraternity houses as high-risk environments for rape, and why we tolerate this behavior. Twenty-fi ve percent of college women experience sexual harassment or rape and ten percent of rapes in colleges happen in fraternity houses. A study was done on college campuses about the difference between fraternities with a low-risk and the high-risk of sexual assault or rape. Students were asked to identify which ones were which and they could easily recognize this. So my question was, if everyone knows these differences, why do men and women participate in activities that support the rape culture when they see its injustices? The first response from the group was that we probably turn our cheeks from such behavior. We do not think it could happen to us or people we associate with. We began talking about the differences in the parties, but I think it was hard for everyone to directly relate ourselves to the situation because Washington College is not that way. violence and women :: essays research papers Violence and Women I thought that our discussion went well. We had a small group of about six people but three of us were leaders so we had a lot to talk about. Each of us went around and asked one question because we did not have time to discuss them all. But that did not matter because the other leaders had similar questions to mine. I was able to retrieve different responses from the others in the group for three out of my four questions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My first question asked why rape was so much more common among college students than among the whole rest of the population. The group came up with the fact that college is the first time people discover drinking and sexuality and want to do all the experimenting they can. Also it is the first time most college students are on their own meaning without the guidance of their parents, and that could probably effect their decision making for the worse. Also a college campus has a more accepting atmosphere for rape and sexual harassment. Every night students are heavily drinking, going to dance clubs or parties with dancing, while people of older age groups have families to take care of, jobs and more responsibilities altogether. For someone older, being accused of rape could ruin their life and most men would not want to risk that. This leads into my next question about fraternity houses as high-risk environments for rape, and why we tolerate this behavior. Twenty-fi ve percent of college women experience sexual harassment or rape and ten percent of rapes in colleges happen in fraternity houses. A study was done on college campuses about the difference between fraternities with a low-risk and the high-risk of sexual assault or rape. Students were asked to identify which ones were which and they could easily recognize this. So my question was, if everyone knows these differences, why do men and women participate in activities that support the rape culture when they see its injustices? The first response from the group was that we probably turn our cheeks from such behavior. We do not think it could happen to us or people we associate with. We began talking about the differences in the parties, but I think it was hard for everyone to directly relate ourselves to the situation because Washington College is not that way.

Local Literature Essay

Follow-up or tracer studies have enjoyed popularity in LIS training needs/ assessment analyses over the past 20 years in Africa in studies by scholars such as Anadiran (1988) in Nigeria; Alemna (1991, 1999) and Kisie du (1993) in Ghana; Rosenberg (1989, 1994) in Kenya; Ocholla (2001 and 2005) and Stilwell (2004) in South Africa Rugambwa (1998) and Mammo (2007) in Ethiopia; Aina and Moahi (1999) in Botswana; and Lutwana and Kigongo – Bukenya (2004) in Uganda. Mammo (2007) conducted a study on the status of LIS education in Ethiopia and the perceptions of graduates on the LIS program me. The study revealed that in one university ,the LIS program me changed to Information Systems because of university-wide changes ,while in another university, the LIS curriculum remained the same. Graduates indicated that they were not satisfied with the LIS programme. 2 Lutwana and Kigongo-Bukenya (2004) conducted a study on the appropriateness of the EASLIS (East Africa School of Library and Information Science) curriculum to professional practice in Library and Information Science field in Uganda. The purpose of the study was to establish where graduates worked, what they did, and whether their education met employers’ expectations. It further identified areas of curriculum revision. The study revealed that most graduates were employed in academic institutions, government departments, banks and NGO’s libraries, where they performed various professional activities. The study also revealed that employers complained about the lack of practical skills among the graduates, citing specialization through electives as inadequate . Aina and Moahi (1999) conducted a tracer study of graduates from the Department of Library and Information Studies at the University of Botswana. The aim of the study was to determine the curriculum of the Department of LIS at the University of Botswana. The study revealed that the graduates were employed in traditional library settings. The study also found that their training was relevant to the tasks that they performed, although they advocated the strengthening of the information technology component of the curriculum . Kaijage (n. d. conducted a tracer study on the skills and knowledge of B. Com graduates of the University of Dares Salaam. The study concluded that the knowledge and skills that the graduates obtained from the university were relevant to their jobs. But it also suggested that changes should be made to the program me. There are also many other tracer studies conducted all over the Africa and the rest of the world. In South Africa, Stilwell (2004) conducted a survey of alumni perceptions of thepost graduate ILS (Information and Library Science program me at the University of Natal). Critical issues, such as balancing the human centre approach with IT, were identified. The findings of the study indicated that the program me achieved its outcomes because it prepared alumni well for the work place. Ocholla’s (2001) tracer study of LIS graduates from 1996 -1997 determined whether the skills and attitudes they gained during their training at the University of Zululand applied in their jobs. The results of the study indicate that graduates obtained sufficient knowledge from the degree program me . These examples indicate that tracer studies are generally conducted to find out about the fates of departmental graduates or alumni. They investigate where graduates are, whether they are employed, and employers’ perceptions about the skills and knowledge that LIS graduates have. They are also used to obtain feedback from employed alumni and employers on the relevance of the program me offered by different departments. Like most tracer studies, this study addresses the same questions: Are the graduates employable? Is the curriculum relevant? What are the perceptions of graduates and employers about the graduates’ skills, knowledge and education? Local literature At the Palanca literary awards dinner the other Saturday, Mrs. Sylvia Palanca Quirino invited the new Tourism Secretary, Ramon Jimenez Jr. , to be the guest speaker. Jimenez was responsible for coining the latest tourism come-on, â€Å"It’s More Fun in the Philippines. † He talked about literature and how it can help the tourism industry which, as we all know, has yet to be fully exploited. So many countries in our part of the world, particularly Thailand, have reaped millions from the flood of tourists visiting these countries. We get only a trickle, for though we have great possibilities, there is not enough global interest in our country and its attractions. Much of this is due to our own myopia, of our leaders who do not understand or realize the myriad possibilities here if we only know how to use them! Jimenez should produce long-range programs. This is one common fault of government; a new administration takes over and new policies are made no continuity is pursued. Will the slogan, â€Å"It’s More Fun in the Philippines† last only three years from now.? Will it be replaced when a new administration takes over? This is a minor point; will initiatives today be continued in the future? Does the present administration accept the past administration program enough to pursue its good aspects? Will our tourism executives use them? Just consider this: how many visitors go to England, to visit Stratford-on-Avon because they have enjoyed William Shakespeare’s plays. Those tourists clambering up the hills in Greece how many of them are there because they read the Homeric classics? And Spain, which reaps so much from the thousands upon thousands of visitors every year, how many visit that country because they have read Cervantes, and Hemingway’s novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls, and all those gory bullfight scenes in his fiction? Permit me to brag a bit. Once, I brought a busload of expats and some locals to the Ilokos because they wanted to see the setting of the Rosales saga. I was their tour guide. We went to my hometown, Rosales, and showed them two of the old houses which I used as models, and to that rundown barrio called Cabugawan where I was born, then on to Tayug where the Colorum rebelled in 1931, and to the Ilokos to see the old churches and finally to Cabugaw where the saga starts. And then one morning, more than a decade ago, a young man visited my bookshop. He was a schoolteacher in Holland; he had read Mass, the concluding novel in the Rosales saga which was published first in Dutch rather than in the English original. This was his first visit to Asia. Mass had appealed to him so much, he wanted to see its setting. I took him to Forbes Park first, then to Tondo, to Barrio Magsaysay and to Smokey Mountain which was still smoking then. Then we went to the university belt, to Recto and he saw all those young students milling about. And finally, that early evening we visited one of the massage parlors in Quezon City. Our National Hero, Jose Rizal he wrote the greatest Filipino novel why is there no literary tour based on his work and on his life? This literary tour will be more for Filipinos than for foreigners. It will impinge on our youth those virtues so terribly missing now the rectitude, the patriotism all the qualities which Rizal personified. Such a tour, led by a guide steeped in history, could start in the morning with a trip to Calamba, the Rizal house, the lake, and nearby Mt. Makiling. From there, back to Manila, to the Noli geography, the University of Santo Tomas, Binondo then Fort Santiago, the Luneta where Rizal was executed, and finally to Paco Cemetery where he was first buried. It could end with a view of the Manila sunset. Tourism for locals is growing it should be the way it is with Japan where the Japanese themselves are the best tourists in their own country. I told Jimenez to consider the movies. The Koreans are now producing epic historical movies, and those addictive telenovelas which have enthralled so many all over the world. My daughter-in-law, Lee Pai, who teaches history at the University of California at Santa Barbara happened to be visiting. She said those movies and telenovelas are scripted by Korea’s leading writers familiar with the literary classics of the West and East which explains the high quality of the telenovelas unlike the asinine and moronic serials produced by local TV. As evidenced by the Palanca awards, we are never short of literary talent. Why do our movie and TV people ignore them? Movie festivals are a great attraction in Europe and so are book fairs and literature meetings. Singapore has an international literary festival each year, India, too, and the annual Frankfurt Book Fair is one of the biggest attractions in this German city. Just concluded in Korea is the Annual PEN Congress an international meeting of writers. Writers attending this Congress will surely go home and write about Korea, further enlarging the global reach of that prosperous and booming country. Meanwhile, let me continue tossing encomiums at the Palancas for their perseverance, charity and goodwill in supporting the Awards for literature. I knew the founder, Carlos Palanca Jr. , personally he was very charming, debonair, with a wide circle of acquaintances in business and with the culturati. As far back as I can recall, it was the late NVM Gonzalez and Nick Joaquin who suggested to him the creation of the Awards to encourage literary excellence in the country. Sixty-two years three generations! I do not think such an effort has any equal in the region or in all of Asia. The vitality and continuing relevance of such effort requires organizational skills, massive expenditure and vision. It is a wonder to me why, up to now, this massive contribution of the Palancas to our culture and nation has not been publicly recognized. Filipino writers should be grateful to the children of Charlie Palanca who have not neglected their father’s vision. Sylvia Palanca Quirino leads them in plodding on. In the beginning, the awards were only for fiction and poetry in English and Tagalog they now include children’s stories, plays, novels, not just in these two languages but in Cebuano, Ilonggo and Ilokano. At the Awards dinner, Quirino also announced that the Awards will also recognize Filipino achievers. While the Palanca Awards promote creativity, it follows that media, particularly TV, can do so much by using the work of our best writers, as is done in Korea. Publishers can add to what the Palanca Awards have produced create literary sections in newspapers and magazines, publish those new and splendid works. May I also now suggest to Mrs. Socorro Ramos that her National Book Stores all over the country should exhibit in their show windows Filipino books, both fiction and non-fiction? They deserve exposure, a much wider audience. Do all these not because it is patriotic but because these good writers deserve a wider readership in their own country.

Killing vs Letting Die

In a paper entitled â€Å"Why Does Removing Machines Count as Passive Euthanasia?† Dr. Patrick D. Hopkins argues that â€Å"the removal of a machine which substitutes for a failed vital organ is equivalent to removing that life-sustaining organ.†( Killing 2004 p. 1). In this scenario, removing a breathing machine such as BiPap that essentially breathes for the patient when they are unable to breathe for themselves, would be tantamount to removing the patient’s lung in order to stop him from breathing. The ground becomes a little shaky if we rely on this theory; the patient or surrogate making decisions for the patient, when confronted with a terminally ill medical situation,   asks that all â€Å"life-support† machines and feeding tubes be removed. Is the doctor or nurse who performs this act of mercy â€Å"killing† the patient, or just removing artificial means of life and â€Å"letting die?†Ã‚   Unlike Dr. Hopkins, I don’t feel tha t â€Å"pulling the plug,† or ceasing life support machines is equal in any way to cutting out a vital organ. I believe â€Å"letting die† is a morally responsible act, while actively â€Å"killing† is quite another matter.Many people make a distinction between passive euthanasia and active euthanasia.   While the AMA maintains that people have a â€Å"right to die with dignity,† and believe it â€Å"morally permissible,† for a physician to allow the death of a person who is suffering unmercifully and has an incurable disease, they are unwilling to â€Å"countenance active euthanasia for a person who is in similar straits, but who has the misfortune not to be suffering from an illness that will result in a speedy death.† (Tooley 2006 p. 1).   Therefore, while a patient might have a terminal illness and be in extreme pain, if the illness is not likely to kill them fairly quickly, euthanasia is not an option, rather they are required to su ffer for a lengthy period of time before receiving assistance in ending their lives.This becomes a very touchy moral issue, with passionate arguments on both sides.   The motives of a person who intentionally kills someone is surely more evil than the motives of a person who lets someone die, most especially if the motives for letting that person die are purely non-selfish and a result of empathy for the person’s pain.   Watching a loved one die slowly and painfully is a hardship on those who love them as well as the person themselves. When a beloved member of your family is begging you to â€Å"let them go,† how can it be morally wrong to grant that wish?In the realm of withholding treatment versus withdrawing treatment, the consensus seems to be that if withholding treatment can be justified, then withdrawing it can be justified by the same criteria. (Jennings 2001 p. 2).   The reality is that while administering treatment that may, in fact, have to be later wi thdrawn buys time in the sense that the physician is able come to a solid prognosis of the patient’s chances for survival, many ethicists feel that it is â€Å"easier to justify not starting treatment.†Ã‚   (Jennings 2001 p. 2).   So, while administering treatment may allow the doctor, patient and family members time to accept the reality of the imminent death of a loved one, doctors are hesitant to administer treatment that they are fairly certain will have to be withdrawn somewhere down the line, and find it easier to let nature take it’s course in the first place.Life sustaining treatments are considered to be: mechanical ventilation, dialysis, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, antibiotics, transfusions, nutrition and hydration.   While most of us are relatively â€Å"okay† with the idea of withdrawing (or not administering in the first place) the mechanical ventilation, dialysis, or performing CPR, we are less okay with the idea of removing a feeding tube and iv’s or not administering antibiotics.We equate these acts in some sense as â€Å"starving† our loved one to death, or making them do without water, and we see this more as torture than assisting an inevitable death. The fact is that dehydration can produce a sedative effect on the brain, making the dying process more tolerable, so essentially it is an issue in our minds rather than one based on reality.   Technically it is all the same; if a person is unable to feed themselves in the traditional way, or drink a glass of water, then feeding tubes and IV’s are artificial means of keeping a person alive. However, if we were to disallow these basic medical care issues, many, many, people who go on to live happy, productive lives, would surely die.The question becomes to what degree are we good with measures to sustain life? Many times â€Å"comfort measures† are determined to be the most solid course, and, in general, family members are much more agreeable to allowing a loved one to die provided they are still administered IV’s, feeding tubes and pain medication.Extraordinary measures may in some cases be determined by the level of technological complexity, yet this can be misleading. â€Å"Certain procedures for providing artificial nutrition and hydration, for example, are technologically rather complex, whereas administering chemotherapy is not.†Ã‚   (Policy 2006 p. 3).   Therefore, we cannot say that administering chemotherapy is a rather simple procedure, therefore only an â€Å"ordinary† means of treatment while the complex artificial nutrition system must then be â€Å"extraordinary.†Ã‚   There must, therefore, be an assessment of the â€Å"benefits and burdens for the patient that each procedure or treatment provides.† (Policy 2006 p. 3).CPR is generally used to restore breathing capabilities to someone whose breathing has been interrupted for whatever reason. Because resuscitati on has no value in the management of terminal diseases, but is rather intended to return a person in a health crisis to a normal healthy state, CPR, while certainly an extraordinary, live-saving measure, is not a factor in a terminally ill patient. Mechanical ventilation may be ethically removed from a terminally ill patient at their request, just as blood transfusions may be refused by the patient who is terminally ill.Tony Bland was a victim of the 1989 Hillsborough disaster when football fans were crushed and 95 people died.   Tony survived but was in a coma that doctors believed he would never emerge from. (Tony Bland 2006 p. 1).   Tony could breathe on his own and all his vital organs functioned normally on his own. He could digest food but could not feed himself, so was put on feeding tubes.Because we don’t consider food and water â€Å"medicine,† but rather basic necessities to stay alive, the feeding tube for Tony Bland could not be considered â€Å"treatm ent,† and because Mr. Bland was not actually dying at the time, his food and fluids would have had to be withdrawn in order for him to die. The courts ordered, after four years of Mr. Bland being in a â€Å"permanent vegetative state,† that the fluids and feeding tubes be removed, and he be allowed to die, a process that took nearly two weeks as well as causing the suffering of his family.   (Tony Bland 2006 p. 2).The issue of medical euthanasia is one that will be debated passionately for many years to come, with ethical arguments on both sides.Works CitedJennings, Bruce (February 2001). Medical Ethics and Clinical Practice. Retrieved onMay 29, 2006 from:http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1071269Killing vs. Letting Die (June 13, 2004). Should Removal of Mechanical Life SupportMachine at the Request of a Patient be Considered Killing or Letting the PatientDie? Retrieved May 30, 2006 from:http://www.hsc.usc.edu/~mbernste/ethics.killingvs.lettingdie.h tmlPolicy (2006). Policy on Forgoing Life Sustaining or Death-Prolonging Therapy.Retrieved on May 30, 2006 from:http://www.clevelandclinic.org/bioethics/policies/policyonlifesustaining/ccfcode.htmlTony Bland. (2006). Tony Bland and PVS – Euthanasia. Retrieved June 1, 2006 from:http://www.spucscotland.org/education/students/euthanasia/tonyblandpvs.html.Tooley, Michael (2006). An Irrevelant Consideration: Killing versus Letting Die.Retrieved May 30, 2006 from:http://www.sunysuffolk.edu/pecorip/SCCCWEB/ETEXTS/DeathandDylingTEXT/Tooley

Industrial Revolution Britain essays

Industrial Revolution Britain essays The Industrial Revolution of Britain The industrial revolution in Britain had its advantages and disadvantages to its people. In the early 1700s, Britain was a land where people used man and animal power to mine, produce their crops, clear the land, and build their buildings and ships. The strong and fit were the ones that were successful because they could work well and therefore their families would not starve. However, this changed around 1760 when water and steam power could run the machines, and in result man power was no longer necessary because it was cheaper and more efficient to use natural resources to run the iron mills, turn the grain presses, and move the lumber. Some people grew wealthy with this new technology, while others such as the laborers ended up starving because they had no work. During the 1700s, the Age of Enlightenment took place in Europe, where men were trying new ways to improve their lives, through literature, science, music, government, medicine, and the development in agriculture. Great Britain had a major advantage during this time because she had the 4 prime areas that were important for the change of manpower to the age of machinery. The geographic location, social and political climate, economic strength was perfect for Great Britains revolutionary change. Britain was very rich, geographically in natural resources. Coal and iron ore were very abundant, and rivers flowed throughout the country for transportation and power. She did not need to import her vital natural resources, and in result did not need to expend funds outside the country. The coal supplied her with heat to run the factories, and the abundant amount of iron ore was used for tools and machines. Great Britains political climate was also very favorable to the new industrial ways. Inventors were not only encouraged for their ideas but also financially rewarded. People would meet in clubs to discuss new...

Geographic Information About Morocco

Geographic Information About Morocco Population: 31,627,428 (July 2010 estimate)Capital: RabatArea: 172,414 square miles (446,550 sq km)Bordering Countries: Algeria, Western Sahara and Spain (Cueta and Melilla)Coastline: 1,140 miles (1,835 km)Highest Point: Jebel Toubkal at 13,665 feet (4,165 m)Lowest Point: Sebkha Tah at -180 feet (-55 m)Morocco is a country located in Northern Africa along the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It is officially called the Kingdom of Morocco and it is known for its long history, rich culture and diverse cuisine. Moroccos capital city is Rabat but its largest city is Casablanca. History of Morocco Morocco has a long history that has been shaped over decades by its geographic location on both the  Atlantic Ocean  and the Mediterranean Sea. The Phoenicians were the first people to control the area, but the Romans, Visigoths, Vandals and Byzantine Greeks also controlled it. In the 7th century B.C.E, Arabic peoples entered the region and their civilization, as well as  Islam  thrived there.In the 15th century, the Portuguese controlled the Atlantic coast of Morocco. By the 1800s, though, several other European countries were interested in the region because of its strategic location. France was one of the first of these and in 1904, the United Kingdom officially recognized Morocco as part of Frances sphere of influence. In 1906, the Algeciras Conference established policing duties in Morocco for France and Spain, and then in 1912, Morocco became a protectorate of France with the Treaty of Fes.Following the end of World War II, Moroccans began to push for independence and i n 1944, Istiqlal or Independence Party was created to lead the movement for independence. According to the United States Department of State in 1953, the popular Sultan Mohammed V was exiled by France. He was replaced by Mohammed Ben Aarafa, which caused Moroccans to push for independence even more. In 1955, Mohammed V was able to return to Morocco and on March 2, 1956, the country gained its independence.Following its independence, Morocco grew as it took over control of some Spanish-controlled areas in 1956 and 1958. In 1969, Morocco expanded again when it took control of the Spanish enclave of Ifni in the south. Today, however, Spain still controls Ceuta and Melilla, two coastal enclaves in northern Morocco. Government of Morocco Today the government of Morocco is considered a constitutional monarchy. It has an executive branch with a chief of state (a position that is filled by the king) and a head of government (the prime minister). Morocco also has a bicameral Parliament which consists of the Chamber of Counselors and the Chamber of Representatives for its legislative branch. The judicial branch of government in Morocco is made up of the Supreme Court. Morocco is divided into 15 regions for local administration and it has a legal system that is based on Islamic law as well as that of the French and Spanish. Economics and Land Use of Morocco Recently Morocco has undergone several changes in its economic policies that have allowed it to become more stable and grow. It is currently working to develop its service and industrial sectors. The main industries in Morocco today are phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing, the making of leather goods, textiles, construction, energy,  and tourism. Since tourism is a major industry in the country, services are as well. In addition, agriculture also plays a role in Moroccos economy and the main products in this sector include barley, wheat, citrus, grapes, vegetables, olives, livestock,  and wine. Geography and Climate of Morocco Morocco is geographically located in Northern Africa along the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Algeria and Western Sahara. It also still shares borders with two enclaves that are considered a part of Spain - Ceuta and Melilla. The topography of Morocco varies as its northern coast and interior regions are mountainous, while its coast features fertile plains where much of the countrys agriculture takes place. There are also valleys interspersed between Moroccos mountainous areas. The highest point in Morocco is Jebel Toubkal which rises to 13,665 feet (4,165 m), while its lowest point is Sebkha Tah which is -180 feet (-55 m) below sea level.The climate of Morocco, like its topography, also varies with location. Along the coast, it is Mediterranean with warm, dry summers and mild winters. Farther inland, the climate is more extreme and the closer one gets to the Sahara Desert, the hotter and more extreme it gets. For example Moroccos capital, Rabat is locat ed on the coast and it has an average January low temperature of 46ËšF (8ËšC) and an average July high temperature of 82ËšF (28ËšC). By contrast, Marrakesh, which is located farther inland, has an average July high temperature of 98ËšF (37ËšC) and a January average low of 43ËšF (6ËšC). Sources: Central Intelligence Agency. (20 December 2010). CIA - The World Factbook - Morocco.  https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mo.html Infoplease.com. (n.d.). Morocco: History, Geography, Government, and Culture - Infoplease.com.  infoplease.com/country/morocco.html United States  Department of State. (26 January 2010). Morocco.   state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5431.htm Wikipedia.org. (28 December 2010). Morocco- Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco.

How to Block a Play and Give Stage Directions

How to Block a Play and Give Stage Directions Blocking is the theater term for the actors’ movements on the stage during the performance of the play or the musical. Every move that an actor makes (walking across the stage, climbing stairs, sitting in a chair, falling to the floor, getting down on bended knee) falls under the larger term â€Å"blocking.† Who Blocks? Typically, the play’s director determines the actors’ movements and positions on stage. Some directors â€Å"pre-block† scenes- map out the actors’ movements outside of rehearsal and then give the actors their blocking. Some directors work with the actors during rehearsal and make blocking decisions by having the actors perform the movements. These directors try a variety of movements and stage positions to see what works, make adjustments, and then set the blocking. Other directors, especially when they work with experienced actors during rehearsals, ask the actors to follow their instincts about when to move and the blocking becomes a collaborative work. Playwrights May Provide Blocking In some plays, the playwright provides blocking notes in the text of the script. American playwright Eugene O’Neill wrote detailed stage directions that include not only movements but notes on the characters’ attitudes and emotions as well. An example from Act I Scene 1 of Long Day’s Journey Into Night. Edmund’s dialogue is accompanied by stage directions in italics: EDMUNDWith sudden nervous exasperation.O for God’s sake, Papa. If you’re starting that stuff again, I’ll beat it.He jumps up.I left my book upstairs anyway.He goes to the front parlor saying disgustedly,God, Papa, I think you’d get sick of hearing yourself.He disappears. Tyrone looks after him angrily. Some directors remain true to the stage directions provided by the playwright in the script, but directors and actors are not bound to follow those directions in the way that they are bound to use the playwright’s dialogue strictly as written. The words the actors speak must be delivered precisely as they appear in the script. Only with the playwright’s specific permission may lines of dialogue be changed or omitted. It is not imperative, however, to adhere to the playwright’s blocking ideas. Actors and directors are free to make their own movement choices.​ Some directors appreciate scripts with detailed stage directions. Other directors prefer scripts with little to no blocking ideas within the text. Basic Functions of Blocking Ideally, blocking should enhance the story on the stage by: Reflecting the authentic behavior of the characters- a character’s movements can reveal just as much and sometimes more than his or her words do.Reflecting the relationships between and among characters.Giving the focus to certain characters at appropriate moments (helping the audience know where to look.)Allowing the audience to see what they are supposed to see and not what is meant to be hidden- either as part of the play or an accidental peek backstage.Creating effective stage pictures- strong, pleasing, horrific- that convey the meanings and moods of the play.Making effective use of the set. Blocking Notation Once a scene has been blocked, the actors must execute the same movements during rehearsals and performances. Thus, actors must memorize their blocking as well as their lines. During blocking rehearsals, most actors use a pencil to note blocking in their scripts- so if the blocking changes, the pencil marks can be erased and the new blocking noted. Actors and directors use a â€Å"shorthand† for blocking notation. Rather than write out â€Å"Walk downstage right and stand behind (or upstage) the sofa,† however, an actor would make notes using abbreviations. Any stage movement from one area of the stage to another is called a â€Å"cross,† and a quick way to indicate cross is to use an â€Å"X.† So, an actor’s blocking note the above blocking could look like this: â€Å"XDR to US of sofa.†

Your Transformational Story Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Your Transformational Story - Assignment Example This true story of my mentor is inspirational and it has transformed me in various ways. From her traumatic background experience, she became popular with her talk show â€Å"Oprah Winfrey Show† and has since become the darling of not only America but the world at large. I have drawn great inspiration and transformation from her popular statement, â€Å"It doesn’t matter who you are, where you come from. The ability to triumph begins with you. Always,† (Academy of Achievement). Before reading the transformational history of Oprah, I was sceptical of doing challenging things and I lacked self confidence in whatever I did. My academic career was characterised by low grades as a result of the fact that I viewed myself as incapable of doing a lot of challenging things. Even in life, I have been scared of performing certain tasks on my own for fear of failure. However, today I can happily say that the true story of Oprah has significantly transformed my life in various ways. I have gained a lot of confidence in myself and I can perform any task on my own. One good lesson I have learned from this leader is that failure is a true source of experience and motivation. Instead of despairing about failing to achieve the desired goals at a particular moment, this failure can be a source of inspiration. I have learnt a lot of things from my mistakes. At school, I often achieve poor grades but I am no longer demotivated since this gives me hope that one day I will achieve good grades. I have also been transformed in such a way that I can share my life experience with others without fear or favour. I am not ashamed of my failures in life and am happy to say that I view the sky as the limit in whatever I do. Leadership is the ability to influence others to behave in a particular way (Robbins, 1993). There are various leadership styles and these have an impact on the leader to influence others. Leadership traits have an impact on other people

Traditional Roman Republic Virtues versus Christian Virtues Essay

Traditional Roman Republic Virtues versus Christian Virtues - Essay Example Perpetua and Lucretia depict different virtues as women, wherein Perpetua is shown as virtuous because she willingly accepted suffering for her faith, while Lucretia took suffering in her own hands and asked others to avenge her marred integrity because she and her society assigned ultimate virtue on her sexual purity. Perpetua is different from Lucretia because she lived by the Christian virtue of suffering for her faith rather than renouncing it. She shows courage in accepting her suffering. Her punishment was to face gladiators, and, before they killed her, she told her brother and others: â€Å"You must all stand fast in the faith and love one another, and do not be weakened by what we have gone through.† She embraced her suffering with pride and love. Lucretia did not die for her religious beliefs, but because of her soiled sexuality. She did not even wait for others to punish her for being impure. She said this before committing suicide: â€Å"I will absolve myself of b lame, and I will not free myself from punishment. No woman shall use Lucretia as her example in dishonor.† She could not accept living anymore after being raped because she and her society believed that women must be sexually pure (i.e. have sexual relations only with their husbands). Lucretia killed herself because of her shame, while Perpetua sacrificed her life for her Christian faith.The male interlocutors in these women’s lives lived according to their cultural virtues, wherein Christian males in Perpetua’s life suffered with her.

Buddong System Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Buddong System - Case Study Example Though the company headquartered in New South Wales, it became able to present its products in varied parts of the world in a very efficient way. It is mainly due to high-level of dedicated and committed employees, who always try to fulfil the requirements of the customers and leads to the betterment of the organization. Due to which, its range of profit margin and ROI tends to increase day by day to a significant extent as compared to others. Along with this, the level of reputation of the organization also enhances to a considerable extent as compared to others (Rosengren, 2000). However, due to certain communication and ethical issues and problems, Buddong system failed to maintain its sustainability, due to which its competitiveness also reduced considerably. Side by side, due to lack of proper communication among the members of the organization, the morale and dedication of the employees are declining day by day resulting in downfall of the entire organization in long run. Criti cal Analysis Ethical and Communication Issues Ethics is also described as the moral philosophy that helps an individual to perform the accurate things in accurate time. It also involves defending and recommendation accurate facts and opinions to the peers and other members of the organization so as to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization.... deas that help an organization or its members to improve its portfolio or profit margin along with the level of dedication and commitment to perform the work. Not only this, corporate ethics that helps to increase the strengths of the organization thereby reducing, its weaknesses in this competitive market among other rivals. Apart from this, appropriate ethical conducts also need to be followed within the organization within its entire hierarchical process so as to enhance the productivity of the organization in the market among other rivals. Only then, the level of sustainability of the organization (Buddong System) might get enhanced in the future run. However, after reading the case study, it may be analyzed that proper corporate ethics is not followed within the entire organizational hierarchy. The CEO of the Buddong System, Mr Ken Young advised his financial officer, Simon Cheng to present $ A 200,000 as a bribe to the officials of Absurdastan so as to extend its mode of operat ions. Along with this, it also helps in increasing its market position and brand image of the Buddong Systems in the market among other competitors. But, Simon Cheng was not at all happy with the decision of Ken Young as he always desired to follow ethical paths in each and every sort of situations. So that, he might remain ethical at the time of tough situation, that is extremely essential on the part of an officer or manager of an organization. This is because the officer or CEO of the organization is just as the driver or controller of an engine, who drives the car or organization in accurate way (Warren & Fassett, 2010). But if, he or she follows the wrong path then the entire organization might move in wrong way resulting in is downfall among all other organizations. So, it is

Economic Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Economic Geography - Essay Example The first map shows the population distribution of the blacks in America by 1990. According to the department of commerce, there is a high concentration of blacks in states as Georgia, South Carolina, Florida, North Carolina, Virginia and Tennessee states (U.S Census Bureau 1). The population density of black in the states o Utah, Arizona and Colorado, however, is less than one per cent of the total population. The second map shows the population density, by state, in the America by 2010. The states of Florida, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi have high density of population per square miles. Other states as Utah, Montana and Colorado have low population per square mile (U.S Census Bureau 1). The relationship between the two maps is the depiction that states occupied by blacks have high density of population per square miles. The black population is also concentrated in limited states compared to other races because of political seclusion of the blacks back in historical times. U.S. Census Bureau. 2010 Census Redistricting Data Summary File: United States and Puerto Rico Population Density by County or County Equivalent. 2010. Web. April 6, 2013.

Money and the Congressional Campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Money and the Congressional Campaign - Essay Example This is indeed unrealistic but there are a number of speculations that may be used to analyze the narrative because there is no statistically observable linkage between spending and the likelihood of victory (Dubner Web). Candidates spending had much smaller effect in winning the elections than expected. This essay tends to ascertain the reasons behind the relationship between huge spending and likelihood of victory for the congressional candidates. According to Dubner the 2012 elections saw huge campaign expenditure achieving very little because it did not have discernable effect on the outcome of most races (Dubner Web). Historically, in the congressional elections, 90% of the incumbents seeking always win with more than 60% of the vote regardless of the challengers’ positions. Nevertheless, senators seeking re-election usually win with narrow margin compared to the house representatives due to the diversity of the states. Reelection always exposes the incumbents to vulnerab ility because of big expenditure in campaigns such as advertising, travelling more to their states and large staffing (Narayanswamy Web). Congressional candidates have been spending enormous sums on campaigns to win the elections particularly when the competition is very stiff and there is no incumbent running for re-election. There is always a belief when an incumbent is running for a reelection then any candidate from any party is likely to win and this greatly stiffens competition. In that case, there is a notion that a candidate who spends the most in the vacated seats especially in the House has a bigger chance of winning. Huge sum of money for congressional campaigns come from individuals pocket while 30% come from Political Action Committees that seek access to policymakers. PACs usually sponsor incumbents because they are likely to win since critics argue that the main objective of PAC is not to elect but to influence. Interestingly, high-volume does not guarantee victory re gardless of the belief that money buys challengers’ recognition and an opportunity to be heard (Lessig Web). Dubner explains that group of billionaires and privately owned corporations contributed more than $1billion on super PACs accompanied by wave of attacks through unrivaled ads yet the big spenders did not win (Web). Failure to return the senate to the GOP control by the Republicans was an evidence of a heavy spending with little achievement. It was unfortunate that the Republicans lost ground in the senate after pouring a lot of money in the campaigns including the House contest where the Democratic candidates won even after the Republican candidates outspent them in the final months. Interestingly, there were some cases where the Republicans were outspent but they won the elections (Narayanswamy Web). Senate contest in Virginia that involved Kaine and George Allen who spent almost $50 million from independent group but Kaine won comfortably and another failure of the b ig spending Linda McMahon in Connecticut after pouring more than $90 million. There are many other examples such as in the House where Re, Robert Dold of Illinois was outshined by Democrat brad Schneider after spending $1.9 million (Dubner Web). It was later clear that most of the targeted candidates failed and they blamed the super-Pac money for their disappointment. They lamented that most of their time in the race was spent on seeking money and focusing on defense instead of discussing issues (Lessig Web). It was unfortunate to see huger spending Republicans losing in the House elections while Democrats winning with little spending. Could it be a momentum from Obama or just another force that favored the Democrats and

Betty Woodman Work of Art Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Betty Woodman Work of Art - Research Paper Example She has combined the artwork of ceramics into the functionality of day to day use and as pieces of art. Most of her works are colorful and varies in style. She would rather be eclectic that be identified by one style. Her work is not boring. It is diverse, interesting and shows influences that span different cultures. Her work cannot be said to come from one nation. She is an international artist. The two works chosen represent two complete opposites of her scope of artwork and to show her style is eclectic. In 2008-2009, she composed a series of Gauguin, Vase Diptyque for the Sevres Gallery. They are made of tender porcelain. It is interesting to understand why she called them Gauguin. She must have been influenced by his Double-Vase decorated with a Breton Figure, 1886-7. (History of ....) It is made of clay. He considered ceramics another form of sculpture and the Sevres Porcelain factory had ruined it with their development of porcelain. expressed in these vases come from the Baroque period of the 18th century by the sumptuous use of curves in furniture. This is a personal interpretation. These vases are wonderful in the use of white because they are so atypical of most of her works. They can been seen on the Sevres site listed in the "Works Cited". A similar representation of these vases can be seen on the American Academy in Rome Site. Last year until December 2010, she was showing at the American Academy in Rome. Her Roman Fresco/Pleasures and  Places was the premium work. It has a double interest as it shows her diversity in her work and represents her life that she spends in Italy. She has divided her life between the New York and near Florence where she has had her studio for the last 30 years. The Fresco is made of ceramic on canvas. She was strongly influenced by her time spent doing a fresco in the American Embassy in China in 2009 . She was able

Money and the Congressional Campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Money and the Congressional Campaign - Essay Example This is indeed unrealistic but there are a number of speculations that may be used to analyze the narrative because there is no statistically observable linkage between spending and the likelihood of victory (Dubner Web). Candidates spending had much smaller effect in winning the elections than expected. This essay tends to ascertain the reasons behind the relationship between huge spending and likelihood of victory for the congressional candidates. According to Dubner the 2012 elections saw huge campaign expenditure achieving very little because it did not have discernable effect on the outcome of most races (Dubner Web). Historically, in the congressional elections, 90% of the incumbents seeking always win with more than 60% of the vote regardless of the challengers’ positions. Nevertheless, senators seeking re-election usually win with narrow margin compared to the house representatives due to the diversity of the states. Reelection always exposes the incumbents to vulnerab ility because of big expenditure in campaigns such as advertising, travelling more to their states and large staffing (Narayanswamy Web). Congressional candidates have been spending enormous sums on campaigns to win the elections particularly when the competition is very stiff and there is no incumbent running for re-election. There is always a belief when an incumbent is running for a reelection then any candidate from any party is likely to win and this greatly stiffens competition. In that case, there is a notion that a candidate who spends the most in the vacated seats especially in the House has a bigger chance of winning. Huge sum of money for congressional campaigns come from individuals pocket while 30% come from Political Action Committees that seek access to policymakers. PACs usually sponsor incumbents because they are likely to win since critics argue that the main objective of PAC is not to elect but to influence. Interestingly, high-volume does not guarantee victory re gardless of the belief that money buys challengers’ recognition and an opportunity to be heard (Lessig Web). Dubner explains that group of billionaires and privately owned corporations contributed more than $1billion on super PACs accompanied by wave of attacks through unrivaled ads yet the big spenders did not win (Web). Failure to return the senate to the GOP control by the Republicans was an evidence of a heavy spending with little achievement. It was unfortunate that the Republicans lost ground in the senate after pouring a lot of money in the campaigns including the House contest where the Democratic candidates won even after the Republican candidates outspent them in the final months. Interestingly, there were some cases where the Republicans were outspent but they won the elections (Narayanswamy Web). Senate contest in Virginia that involved Kaine and George Allen who spent almost $50 million from independent group but Kaine won comfortably and another failure of the b ig spending Linda McMahon in Connecticut after pouring more than $90 million. There are many other examples such as in the House where Re, Robert Dold of Illinois was outshined by Democrat brad Schneider after spending $1.9 million (Dubner Web). It was later clear that most of the targeted candidates failed and they blamed the super-Pac money for their disappointment. They lamented that most of their time in the race was spent on seeking money and focusing on defense instead of discussing issues (Lessig Web). It was unfortunate to see huger spending Republicans losing in the House elections while Democrats winning with little spending. Could it be a momentum from Obama or just another force that favored the Democrats and

Phonology and the Teaching of Pronunciation Essay

Phonology and the Teaching of Pronunciation - Essay Example In English, most connected speech processes are unimportant when distinguishing between speakers of all accents (Roach, 2004:1). Native speakers have many tools for dealing with unclear words and sounds that are caused by connected speech for they are already familiar within that context. But native speakers also experience stumbling over their words because of their lack of awareness of the little tricks or the rules in avoiding the difficulties in speech. Studying connected speech is important because of two essential factors (Basquille, n.d.:4). First, native speakers of the English language do not pause between each sound or word, as already mentioned, but they move effortlessly from one sound or word to the next. Second, English is considered as a malleable language, meaning not all syllables within a word are equal. There are weak syllables that disappear or not heard at all and strong syllables that are stressed and lengthened. An example is the question: "How long have you been living here" where the "how" is hardly pronounced, "have you been" contracts, and "long" and "living" expand. Because English has been described as "stress-timed as opposed to a syllable-timed language", meaning stressed and unstressed syllables may extremely vary at irregular intervals of time, sentences are quite elastic (Basquille, n.d.:4). ... These refer to the different aspects of connected speech: 1) vowel weakening, 2) assimilation, 3) elision, 4) intrusion and linking. This paper aims to find out the rules that native speakers of English follow to string words together that brings confusion and problems to students who are learning English. Vowel weakening, assimilation, elision and intrusion and linking are the features of connected speech that are necessary for learning English, whether a native or a non-native speaker. Aspects of Connected Speech Vowel Weakening In the phonetics of English, weak forms refer to the group of words which have one pronunciation: strong when isolated and weak when not stressed within a phrase (Brett, 2007; Roach, 2004:2). Weak forms are recognized by an alteration in vowel quality from a border position on the vowel quadrilateral to a central position. The common vowel in a weak form is the schwa // and they are pronounced at a faster rate and a lower volume than stressed syllables and they are not central to changes in intonation. Weak forms can be seen in words which are necessary to construct a phrase but they do not deliver much information for they are not content words (Brett, 2007; Roach, 2004:4). An example is the sentence: I went to the hotel and booked a room for two nights for my father and his best friend (/a went t h tel n bkt ru:m f tu: nats f ma f:r n hz best frend/). In the sentence, the words that are central to the message are emphasized: went, hotel, booked room, two nights, father, and best friend. If the weak forms or the words that are not emphasized are eliminated from the sentence, the set of phrases may be a little difficult to interpret but they can still

The war of the worlds Essay Example for Free

The war of the worlds Essay This essay has been written to compare similarities and differences in two fictional stories; The Red Room by H. G. Wells and extracts from 1984 by George Orwell and Winstons experiences in the Room 101. Both of these stories have both distinct similarities and differences in writing style. The main similarities between the two are easily identifiable. For example, they are both set in a room, as the title implies- The Red Room. The Room in the short story is similar in a unique way to Room 101, as they are both associated and fixated on pain or suffering of some kind. In the Red Room the story is based on an unfortunate woman, who met a tragic end due to her husbands attempt to frighten her. Also, anyone who enters the room usually ends up dead, or injured as happens in the story. In Room 101, the room is meant to be so petrifying, no one dare enter. It is strongly associated with fear and, as the text implies with this quote This place was many metres underground, as deep down as it was possible to go. the room ties in with hell. Room 101s mention has an enormous morale dropping effect on anyone who is told to go there. Peoples reactions are astonishing; one man was so persistent in not going he asked the guards to kill his family in front of him, rather then him face Room 101. He was willing to do anything in order not to go, accusing others, holding on to a steel bench for dear life, but it was no use, he could not deny his fate as the guards were so cold, OBrien imparticularly. OBrien was very cold and intent on making Winston as scared as possible, he commented in a schoolmasterish manner, which added to the tension. OBrien has no self-remorse as to what will happen to Winston and it would seem he might even enjoy his evil proposal. The reason for these two stories great success, is the authors ability to build up incredible amounts of tension and fear, both the authors accomplish this very well. Both the stories lead up to a high terror climax, they keep the reader on the edge of their seat until the tension reaches this climax. The Red Room does a particularly good job of this. For example, as the narrator is walking down the corridors the author begins to implement the strangeness and atmosphere of this old creepy house; Its shadow fell with marvellous distinctness upon the white panelling and gave me the impression of someone trying to waylay me. This is just the type of action the reader would expect to happen in a story such as this, this is why the reader is on the edge of their seat, guessing. Although they are two completely different authors, born at different decades, they still share a diverse, descriptive writing style. As George Orwell shows in the 1984 extract, the fear is instilled into the reader as the intensity is prolonged until Winstons fear is about to be realised; The worst thing in the world, said OBrien, varies from individual to individual. It may be burial alive or death by fire, or by drowning, or impalement, or fifty other deaths. This sentence structure alone prolongs the fear and stresses it, using descriptive lists. The purpose to this tension is to keep the reader alert. Small pauses during the texts of the story The Red Room also have the same effect, like if a shadow is spotted or a door creaking. This all builds up to that climaxing point of when the Red Room is entered, and Winstons fear is going to be realised. The characters are used in a very well organised way, they all add to the tension/eerie effect. In The Red Room, the old characters are referred to as their descriptive appearance, not by their names. The author has done this to keep a mysterious tension in the air. One example is The man with the withered arm. Defections such as this make for a much more spooky atmosphere, as it is set in a large mansion, and that character is a stereotypical image of who might live in that type of sinister house. In 1984, the guards are not referred to with their names by the author. They are simply called guards or officers. The reason for this is to show even more that they have no feelings, and have no remorse for others.

Mother Daughter Relationships - The Mother-daughter Relationship in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club :: The Joy Luck Club Essays

The Mother-daughter Relationship in The Joy Luck Club      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Joy Luck Club, by Amy Tan, the characters Suyuan and June have a mother-daughter relationship fraught with conflict, but ultimately rooted in deep love and commitment for one another. Because of drastic differences in the environments in which they were raised and in their life experiences, these two women have many opposing ideas and beliefs. This coupled with their lack of communication are responsible for many of the problems they encounter during the course of their relationship. These conflicts are only resolved when June learns about her mother's past and accepts their respective differences. The manner in which their relationship develops and the conflicts June and Suyuan face reveal some of the themes that Amy Tan intends for the readers to learn. These themes concern such topics as finding life's importance, making choices, and understanding ourselves and our families. Most of the conflicts that June and her mother face are based on misunderstandings and negligence concerning each other's feelings and beliefs. June does not understand or even fully know her mother because she does not know about her tragic past and t he pain she still feels from the memory of it. Because Suyuan lost two daughters in China, and her entire family was killed in the war, she leaves this place behind her and places all of her hopes in America and her family there. She wants the very best for her daughter June. Even her name, Suyuan, meaning "long-cherished wish," speaks of this hope for Jing-Mei, meaning "the pure, essential, best quality younger sister." Suyuan tells her daughter June that she can be anything she wants to be, and that she has great talent. At first June is excited and dreams about what she will become: "In all my imaginings, I was filled with a sense that I would soon become perfect. My mother and father would adore me. I would be beyond reproach. I wo uld never feel the need to sulk for anything." (Tan 143) Suyuan pushes June to be successful in many different areas such as dance, academics, trivia, and piano. After failing to excel at each task set before her, June begins to feel more and more resentment towards her mother. She sees her mother's hopes as expectations, and when she does not live up to these, she feels like a failure. Mother Daughter Relationships - The Mother-daughter Relationship in Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club :: The Joy Luck Club Essays The Mother-daughter Relationship in The Joy Luck Club      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Joy Luck Club, by Amy Tan, the characters Suyuan and June have a mother-daughter relationship fraught with conflict, but ultimately rooted in deep love and commitment for one another. Because of drastic differences in the environments in which they were raised and in their life experiences, these two women have many opposing ideas and beliefs. This coupled with their lack of communication are responsible for many of the problems they encounter during the course of their relationship. These conflicts are only resolved when June learns about her mother's past and accepts their respective differences. The manner in which their relationship develops and the conflicts June and Suyuan face reveal some of the themes that Amy Tan intends for the readers to learn. These themes concern such topics as finding life's importance, making choices, and understanding ourselves and our families. Most of the conflicts that June and her mother face are based on misunderstandings and negligence concerning each other's feelings and beliefs. June does not understand or even fully know her mother because she does not know about her tragic past and t he pain she still feels from the memory of it. Because Suyuan lost two daughters in China, and her entire family was killed in the war, she leaves this place behind her and places all of her hopes in America and her family there. She wants the very best for her daughter June. Even her name, Suyuan, meaning "long-cherished wish," speaks of this hope for Jing-Mei, meaning "the pure, essential, best quality younger sister." Suyuan tells her daughter June that she can be anything she wants to be, and that she has great talent. At first June is excited and dreams about what she will become: "In all my imaginings, I was filled with a sense that I would soon become perfect. My mother and father would adore me. I would be beyond reproach. I wo uld never feel the need to sulk for anything." (Tan 143) Suyuan pushes June to be successful in many different areas such as dance, academics, trivia, and piano. After failing to excel at each task set before her, June begins to feel more and more resentment towards her mother. She sees her mother's hopes as expectations, and when she does not live up to these, she feels like a failure.

The Articles of Confederation Essay -- articles of confederation, cent

A few hundred years ago, the United States first Constitution, the Articles of Confederation, was created. This Constitution created a weak central government in order to give the people the rights that they deserve. This plan of government, however, proved to be too weak and it could not control the people or pay the debts that the country had acquired from the Revolutionary War. One of the many problems of the Articles of Confederation was that it had no power to collect taxes(wikipedia.org). This made the new nation go in huge debt because it had no way of paying the army for their services in the Revolutionary War. The United States did receive some money from neighboring countries in order to pay of the debt and they had also gotten a few pence from the states, but this was insufficient and they still could not pay their debt. Another problem of the Articles of Confederation was that it could not enforce its laws and make the states pay the money that they promised the government. One of the many effects that this problem made was Shays' Rebellion. This rebellion was caused by the taxes that the government made. It stated that everybody must pay for the taxes or they would have their land taken away from them and be sent to jail. This angered the farmers since they could not pay the taxes, and so, this rebellion was formed. In order to prevent any further outbreaks from occurring, our Founding Fathers got together to form a convention, which was called the Constitutional Convention. This convention was to be held to fix the government and stop other occurrences, such as Shays' Rebellion, from ever happening again. When the Founding Fathers went to Philladelphia, they quickly decided that their gov... ...ticles of Confederation was the first constitution of the United States. A few years later, the Founding Fathers found out that the Articles weren't working as they had in mind and they then went to Philladelphia to revise it. When they go there, there were many disagreements about slavery and representation. To stop these arguments, the Connecticut and the Three-fifths Compromise was made. Then, all but Virginia and Washington agreed to ratify the Constitution because it had no Bill of Rights. To fix this problem, James Madison then promised to create a Bill of Rights to protect the people and ensure that there new government would never again turn into one like Great Britain's. Works Cited The Articles of Confederation, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation The U.S. Constitution, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution

Reasons of divorce Essay

I. Introduction A. what is divorce? B. reasons of divorce Thesis Statement: Divorce should not be legalized in the Philippines because it is a long dangerous process, detrimental to the children, and will start custody battle. II. Body A. Divorce is a long and dangerous process Counter argument: the divorce process will benefit freedom from the divorcee Refutation: While on process, divorce can cause serious psychological impacts to the children unless you can find a way to make sure the child is safe. B. Divorce is detrimental to children Counter Argument: divorce will teach children to be responsible and to adapt in life situations Refutation: Children are far worse off financially, educationally and emotionally than at times when parents stay together. On top of this, their sense of stability and security will decrease rapidly as well. C. Divorce will start fights over custody Counter Argument: the offspring will be the one to choose the parent he/she will stay with. Refutation: Parents should have equal time with the child and always be there for them III. Conclusion Revision of thesis statement NO TO DIVORCE Divorce is an agreement between married people to terminate their marriage relationship. It can be referred to as dissolution of marriage and is basically, the action that ends the marriage before the death of either spouse. There are many different and complex causes and reasons for divorce, each of them specific to that particular couple’s marital relationship, their individual experiences, and personal problems. None of them may seem ‘common’ to the people going through a divorce, of course, but many of the reasons recur enough to warrant the term. Divorce has become a ubiquitous  procedure worldwide, affecting not only parents and their children, but also the people that surrounds the family unit, and therefore presents a terrifying threat for the affected child. Nevertheless, despite of the conventionality of divorce, it perseveres to affect various aspects of children’s daily lives and practice. Children and adolescents are therefore deprived of a c ustomary and stable family upbringing and hence suffer the disadvantages of a single-parent family structure. Divorce can be counted as a common legal procedure for the bifurcation of marriage, which eventually results in the separation of two parents and certain division of property and final custodial guarding of children. Divorce should not be legalized in the Philippines because it is a long dangerous process, detrimental to the children, and will start custody battle. Divorce is a process that will take a long time before approval. Even though it will benefit the divorcee because of the freedom that will be gained, their offspring will suffer during the process. The freedom of the divorcee will not change that he/she will still have responsibilities to their child, It will not make sense to start a new life without looking back and bringing the child he/she had in the past. During the process, their child will be unsure if his/her parents will end up together or not, and may do acts of rebellion because of the situation. Divorce can cause serious psychological impacts to the children un less the parents can find a way to make sure the child is safe. It will also cost a lot of money before and during process. If lots of money is used for divorce, how will they sustain the financial needs of their child? Separation of parents will cause trauma to children, Studies have distinguished that children and adolescents raised in an intact family structure display evidence of disciplined behavior, as opposed to their counterparts that are often characterized by delinquency and regressive attitude. Children experience extensive loss and unexpected change after the divorce of their parents. The majority of the effects of divorce are unpleasant since children are deprived of a formerly familiar environment and status in the community. Children typically experience grief and melancholia as they undergo through various mood changes, involving overreaction, loss of personal identity and the inability to adjust to a differential setting. Children at young age should not experience this and are too young to be responsible and adapt in this situation. Once the  divorce is approved, the main problem would be, who will take custody of the child? Custody of children is one of the most intense aspects in family litigation.The general rule is that a child under seven years old, shall not be separated from the mother which is based on the basic need of a child for his mother’s loving care article 213 of the family code provides that † no child under seven years of age shall be separated from the mother, unless the court finds compelling reasons to order otherwise†. This issue will again start a new argument to the parents and once more submitted to the court. The law of child custody is not absolute, because once the parents are separated it is automatic that the child under seven years will be with the mother, but if the mother is not able enough to sustain the needs of the child, it is not right to do so. Divorce will lead to many problems affecting the children and the people that surrounds the family unit. People should not quit relationships, they should quit three A’s, adultery, addiction, and abuse. Divorce is never a solution, it’s a suffer to a child involve. Reference: demo, d. h., and cox, m. (2000). â€Å"families with young children: a review of research in the 1990s.† journal of marriage and the family 62:876–895. amato, p. r. (2000). â€Å"the consequences of divorce for adults and children.† journal of marriage and the family 62:1269–1287. linsa (2009,march 18). Telling your spouse you want a divorce [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://debatingdivorce.blogspot.com/

Working Overtime and Job Satisfaction in Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao

[pic] Working overtime and Job satisfaction in Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao Name: Yujie Hou Relation No. 74759 Mentor: Sandy Loup Internship in Front Desk & Executive Lounge, Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao, China Stenden University Leeuwarden The Netherlands Bachelor of International Hospitality Management September, 2012 Table of content Declaration of own work3 Introduction4 Chapter 1. Company Description5 Chapter 2. Project Exploration8 Chapter 3. Literature Review9 3. 1 Working overtime9 3. People who work overtime12 3. 3 The reasons of working long hours12 3. 4 Job satisfaction and working overtime13 3. 5 Conceptual model. 15 3. 6 Problem definition16 Chapter 4. Methodology16 4. 1 Research design16 4. 2 Instrument design17 4. 3 Limitations of Research Methods17 4. 4 Data Analyze18 Bibliography19 Appendix 1. 21 Appendix 2. 22 Declaration of own work 1. This work is composed by me. 2. This work has not been accepted in any previous application for a degree or diploma, by me or anyone else. 3. The work of which this is a record is done well and truly by me. 4.All verbatim extracts have been distinguished by quotation marks and the sources of my information have been specifically acknowledged. Date: September 01, 2012 Name: Yujie Hou Signature: Introduction In 1993-1994, 23% of females and 27% of males claimed to have worked unpaid overtime (Bell and Hart, 1999). The Beijing Bureau of Statistics said employed people in China's capital worked for 5. 9 days, or 47. 2 hours, a week on average (Xinhua News Agency, 2006). An online survey of 15,000 people from a well-known Chinese job-hunting website shows a shocking figure that over 40% of the respondents worked vertime without paid. An incredible reality from Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions reported that more than 50% of Hong Kong women who have full-time jobs work overtime at least two hours every day. Why do Chinese people work overtime become an ordinary phenomenon? How do they feel about working overtime? How do Chinese feel about having to work overtime? Do they feel happy? Can the company get more benefits from employee working overtime? The relationship between overtime working and job satisfaction and how working overtime involves in job satisfaction could be discovered.On behalf of understanding, measuring and improving job satisfaction is an advantage competitive in hotel management team. Therefore, this project mainly focuses on figuring out how working overtime impacts on job satisfaction, and in order to help managers in Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao to get a better method of measuring working overtime and improving employee satisfaction. First of all, a company description is given in the report. In this chapter, not only the general knowledge of the company itself will be introduced, but also the figures of staff turn over, salary of employees and a SWOT analysis are given.The following chapter Project Exploration high lighting the purpose of this management project, furthermore, the litterateurs are reviewed in the following chapter, a conceptual map is drawed into detail points, problem statement and research questions are mentioned as well. Last but not least, the chapter of Methodology decribes a method of research method, instrument design, data collecting, data measuring and analysing. Chapter 1. Company Description The full name of the company is Shanghai Hongqiao Yuanyi Hilton, which is a joint venture business with Yuanyi Group and Hilton Worldwide.Yuanyi Group is the owner of hardware facilities and real estate, Hilton hotels ; resorts is a managerial role in the property. The company is a sub-brand of Hilton worldwide, which is Hilton hotels ;amp; resorts. It is a full service five star hotel which opened in October of 2010. The facilities of the hotel are complete, plush and luxury. The company is located in Hongqiao Economic and Technical Development Zone, is just 15 minutes from Hongqiao Airport (Terminal I) and 13km from People's Square in the hea rt of Shanghai.Apart from the above events, there is a buffet restaurant Essence indulging in fine Pan Asian and Mediterranean cuisine at the all-day and sample authentic Cantonese dishes at Yue Xuan which is an a la cart restaurant. Additionally, Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao provides a business center, lobby lounge Pulse, Delicatessen, Vine Bar, fitness center and a stay connected Executive Lounge to satisfy the diverse needs of the guests The company places marketing emphasis on both business travelers and leisure travelers, and also Japanese guests which is a main market for the company itself.There are over 500 work members in this company, which including foreigners, locals and also staffs from other cities in China. Most of the head office managers and directors are foreigners. Full-time contract employee accounts for 72. 8%, and the part-time contract employee takes up12. 4 percentage in this company mostly in banqueting and Essence restaurant and the trainees occupy 14. 8 percen tages. The company is a newly opened hotel, and the executive building was just partly open in April, 2012.The biggest problem of the Human Resource Department is the talent gap. In order to attract more new interviewees, every Wednesday is the company Open day and people can go to the Human Resource department to hand in their CVs without an appointment. Through the monthly employee party, it can be seen that there are always new staffs join in the Hilton family. As the information shared from the HR assistant manager, the staff turn over of year 2011 was 13. 1%, it is higher than the average hotel staff turn over rate which is 10% in Shanghai (Fang Xu, 2010).The turn over of head office employees in this company is also very high, during the period of the author's internship, the General Manager, Director of Finance, Director of the operation, Director of business development, F;B manager, Front Office Manager, three Duty managers played job-hopping to another company. There are 1 1 levels accounted in Hilton, such as GM is the highest level which is 11 and trainee is level one. The salary of the trainee is 1,000RMB, around 120 per month. The biggest employee amount is level three, the average salary is 2,800RMB (=â‚ ¬346) per month, supervisors are at level 5 which can own 3,400RMB (=â‚ ¬419. ) per month. As an example gave within duty managers, the salary of foreigner' is three times than the Chinese employee in the same level position. A following SWOT analysis table shows an overall idea of the company's both internal and external conditions. The internal part includes Strengths and Weaknesses. The Strengths are more focuses on the company facilities and around the environment. For instance, the golf court is a big strong point of Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao, which is just in a walking distance. The weaknesses are mostly from the guest complains.For example, the 80RMB of parking fee is a big guest complains in this company and it happens almost everyda y. Three separated buildings are a weak point because it is very complicated for the guests to find the direction. The service quality is a frequent criticism object from customers. The external part is focused on the financial environment and competitors. Shanghai attracts 215 million domestic tourists and 8. 5 million foreign tourists in 2010. In addition, tourism revenue of Shanghai in 2010 is 305. 3 billion RMB (Shanghai tourist development report, 2012).There are 44 five-star hotels and 64 four-star hotels in Shanghai and 11 five-star and 7 boutique hotels are building up. Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao won the ‘Top Seller' in September 2012 in Asia Pacific area. The company has a lot of opportunities and it is a great time, but also it is facing with various challenges. Table 1. Chapter 2. Project Exploration During a period of 10 months, it turned out that it apparently it was difficult for employees to finish their tasks within the required time resulting in having to work o ver time.In hotel operation departments, there are three shifts, in general, morning shift staffs working from 7am till 3pm, the afternoon shift from 3pm till 11pm, and the rest hours are evening shift. However, most of the employees in Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao will spend quite long time in the shift turnover period, and it leads directly to work overtime in everyday and in every department. Furthermore, these over hours will not be counted into paid overtime working. Front office is not the only department, but it apparently most frequently in the company.Moreover, as it was written in the previous chapter, the turnover rate in Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao is higher than the average rate. Especially in front desk department, since 2011 November till 2012 September there were 5 employees quitted their job who had worked there over one year and 9 trainees had not worked over 6 months which means they quit before they became a formal staff. It be seen through the first two sentences writt en in the introductory chapter that working overtime is very normal in China and the reality shows it is a truth in Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao.This project is trying to identify the relationship between working overtime and job satisfaction, and enhance to give the managers of Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao a further consideration of monitoring overtime working and improving employee satisfaction. Meanwhile, job satisfaction is a source of long-term competitive advantage in the hospitality industry, by the core values of Hilton Worldwide which is described as Hospitality, Integrity, Leadership, Teamwork, Ownership and Now, each values have a strong connection with job satisfaction.For the Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao, this management project could be a helpful way to get more involved into employee satisfaction and measuring overtime working as well. Chapter 3. Literature Review This chapter concentrates in working overtime and job satisfaction. Figure has an intuitive feeling to compare the di fferent hours of working overtime in different places, so the first paragraph research figures to give an overview of working overtime in selected places and according to law and compare with China's situation.The following two paragraphs are in an attempt to find out who works overtime, and the reasons of people work overtime. Furthermore, the job satisfaction of different genders, the importance of job satisfaction and the relationship between job satisfaction and overtime working will be reviewed in the last paragraph. Last but not least a conceptual model covers the main point which includes the literature review. 3. 1 Working overtime In this part, the definition of working overtime is given, and some figures of overtime hours in different countries and a table of standard and maximum working hours for comparison.Working overtime is normally approved in advance by the Head of Department and is agreed in order to complete work for a deadline or to meet additional demands. Howeve r, the initial periods of less than half an hour are not classified as work overtime. Additional hours or overtime will not qualify for payments until the member of staff has worked to their number of basic contractual weekly hours (Working additional hours and overtime, 2011). Pascal and Damien (2000) found that about 20% of European employees work 45 or more hours a week, and about 13% of the full-time employee's weekly work over 50 hours.Long work hours are also a common phenomenon in the United States: more than 1/4 of US men and 11% of women work more than 50 hours a week (Jacobs ; Gerson, 2004). In addition, extreme overtime work is pervasive in Korea and Japan where many employees work more than 60 hours a week (Amagasa, Nakayama, ; Takahashi, 2005). A reach showed that there are only 13. 7 percent worked for no more than eight hours a day in China, 40. 3% worked eight to nine hours, 23. 48 percent put in nine to 10 hours a day and 22. 0 percent worked more than 10 hours (Xin hua News Agency, 2006). In generally overtime work is a common phenomenon in both Asian and Western countries. Working overtime also occurs in developed countries both in Asia and Western. Moreover, China has the most numbers of populations who work over 8 hours everyday which accounts at 86. 3%. The following figure gives a clear picture of the standard working hours in selected places, and the maximum overtime hours allowed in the law and also the overtime pay rate. |Table 2. | | | |Selected places |Standard working |Maximum overtime hours allowed |Overtime pay rate | | |Hours | | | |Finland |8 hours/day |Up to 138 hours within a period of 4 months |1. 5 times of the regular rate of pay for the first two hours | | |40 hours/Week |Up to 250 hours during a calendar year. |2 times for any extra hours. | | |The yearly maximum can be exceeded at 80 hours on a local agreement. | | |France |35 hours /week |Up to 220 hours per year. |Each hour of overtime is payable at 10% to 50% higher than the | | | |This limit may be exceeded with a collective agreement between the employer |regular hourly rate, depending on the cumulative total overtime | | | |and employee. |hours worked. |Ireland |48 hours /week |No specification of legal maximum overtime hours The actual working hours |No statutory obligation on employers to pay employees higher rates | | | |may fluctuate considerably as long as the average working hour per week is |for overtime works. | | | |not more than 48 hours over 4, 6 or 12 months (depending on circumstances) | | |Japan |8 hours /day |Up to 2 hours per day for jobs this may cause harm to health. No lower than the rate stipulated by Cabinet Order within the range| | |40 hours/week | |of no less than 25% and no more than 50% over the normal wage per | | | | |hour or per day. | |Malaysia |8 hours /day |Up to 4 hours per day except under special occasions. |1. 5 times of the regular rate of pay. | | |48 hours /week | | | |Singapore |8 hours /day |Up to 72 hours per month |1. 5 times of the regular rate of pay. | |44 hours/week | | | |South Korea |8 hours /day |Up to 4 hours per day |1. 5 times of the regular rate of pay. | | |40 hours /week |Up to 12 hours per week. | | |Taiwan |8 hours /day |Up to 4 hours per day and 46 hours per month. |; 2 hours, at least an additional 1/3 of the regular hourly rate. | | |84 hours two week | |2

Life of Pi analysis Essay

Life of Pi â€Å"Life of Pi† written by Yann Martel is an incredibly philosophical novel that tells the story of survival. Pi Patel, a young Indian boy, is faced against the impossible when his familys boat is shipwrecked and he is left stranded in a lifeboat with an interesting and potentially harmful group of animals: a zebra, an orangutan, a vicious hyena, and the magnificent Richard Parker, a Bengal tiger with a human like name. Throughout the novel, due to his situation of being stranded, Pi had to take drastic measures in order to survive. Part of his need to survive resulted in Pi giving up his egetarian ways. Slowly throughout the book, readers witness the transformation from Pi’s civil eating habits to an animalistic devouring of food . His transformation of eating habits leaves readers to question how, after reaching such a gruesome point, is Pi able to return to the life he lived pre-shipwreck, and return to his old eating habits as if nothing happened? In the beginning of the novel, it is quickly established that Pi was vegetarian. With being so close to the zoo keeping industry allowed Pi to develop a love and understanding for animals that many carnivorous eaters don’t. His religion of Hinduism also played a part in Pi’s original eating habits. The strictness in his diet made it hard for Pi to, at first, get accustomed to life on the sea. Imagine going from eating a strict vegetarian diet to being required to eat anything in plain sight Just to survive. Pi’s first scene where he breaks his vegetarian diets occurred a days after the shipwreck. After realizing that the sea is full of edible life forms, Pi makes an executive decision and decides that, in order to survive, he must eat food that would defy his vegetarian ways. After unsuccessfully using a leather hoe as bait for fish, Pi is interrupted by a school of flying fish. Luckily for P’, some of the fish fall into the boat, making them readily available for Pi and Richard Parker to eat. Being the animal that he is, Richard Parker does not hesitate to eat his portion of the fish. However the same does not go for P’. Eating the fish meant doing what he considered to be the unthinkable. Pi â€Å"proceeded with great deliberation† (182) and â€Å"unwrapped the fish carefully’ (182). It was apparent that killing the fish went against all of Pi’s morals because â€Å"the closer the fish was to appearing, the more afraid and isgusted† (182) he became. Pi’s contemplated a lot before making his decision because â€Å"a lifetime of peaceful vegetarianism stood between and the willful beheading of a fish† (183). After deciding that the best way to kill the fish was to break its neck, Pi had â€Å"tears flowing down his cheeks† (183). The simple killing of a fish left Pi in an emotional state. Now instead of an innocent sixteen year old boy, Pi was a killer and guilty of taking a life away. In other words, Pi now â€Å"had blood on [his] hands† (183). Despite Pi’s utter disgust and emotional breakdown, he continued to fish using the dead fish’s head as bait. As a result, Pi was able to attract the attention of a hungry Dorado bird. Once Pi realized that he had his next victim, he began to reel it in. However, the Dorado bird was not going to go down without a fight. Although it was a struggle for Pi to reel in the distressed bird, â€Å"killing it was no problem† (185). Pi beat the bird vigorously witha atc et n n . Unlike the tisn, Pi nad no issues witn killing the Dorado. He maintained emotionally stable and didn’t really care whether or not the bird suffered while it was being beaten. At this point in the novel, readers begin to see how Pi’s eating habits are transformed. In such a short time, Pi went from â€Å"weeping over the muffled killing of a flying fish to gleefully bludgeoning to death of a Dorado† (185). This is proof to the believe that â€Å"a person can get used to anything† (185) regardless of what it is. In Pi’s case, he got accustomed to killing. As time passes by, Pi’s eating habits only become more brutal. After discovering the simplicity in catching turtle, Pi began to eat them. More specifically, Pi butchered the turtles and drank the â€Å"sweet lassi† (212) that would spurt from the turtle’s neck. Not only did turtles become Pi’s â€Å"favorite dish† (212), but it also ate everything that urtles had to offer, whether it be their liver, heart, lungs, flesh, or intestine. Pi’s methods for killing the turtles and his behavior when eating the turtles showed how Pi was slowly transforming into a version of Richard Parker. His eating habits were becoming animalistic and they continued to worsen as Pi spent more time stranded out in the Pacific. In addition to ravenously eating his prey, Pi’s mood began to reflect the amount of food he ingested. Once Pi’s rations were gone, â€Å"anything was good to eat† (213). Instead of using his morals and sense of reasoning, Pi would Just eat nything he could find, regardless of the taste. Even Richard Parker’s feces caused Pi’s mouth to water. Pi’s need for food numbed his mind from making reasonable decisions. In Pi’s mind, everything was edible, much like how animals perceive everything to be edible. On top of atrociously killing turtles, Pi began to kill small sharks that would swim by the lifeboat. Instead of fishing for these sharks, Pi would â€Å"catch [the sharks] with [his] bare hands† (219) and eat their flesh. This sort of behavior Pi demonstrated further proves how his eating habits resemble those of Richard Parker. Whenever Pi would throw the tiger its ortion of the prey, Richard Parker would â€Å"attack immediately’ (219) by striking the animal with his forepaws. Similarly, Pi is beginning to â€Å"attack† his prey with his hands, and then devour it. Pi also reached a point where he, himself, realized how his eating habits resembled Richard Parker’s. He became known of â€Å"how low [he] had sunk† when he compared his eating to the tiger’s. Both ate their food with a â€Å"noisy, frantic, unchewing wolfing-down† (225) nature. Even though at that point of Pi’s journey he seemed to have become a completely new individual, Pi still had some of his morals intact. When Pi became temporarily blind, a French cook boarded the lifeboat and began to talk to him. At the time, Pi thought that he was talking to Richard Parker. Pi and the cook discussed food, and the cooks view on food caused Pi to feel â€Å"sick† (245). Unbeknown to Pi, the cook was actually a cannibal and had every intention to eat Pl. Luckily for P’, Richard Parker was there to save him by killing the French cook. However, although Pi was sickened by the thought of eating another human being, Pi’s actions following the death of the cook showed how hunger truly numbed his mind from remembering his morals and his vegetarian ways. After â€Å"catch[ing] one of [the cooks] arms with the gaff’ (256), Pi used the Frenchman’s body part as bait. Pi’s extreme need for food also drove him to eat some the man’s flesh. Although the amount ot tlesn Pi ate was small and went â€Å"nearly unnoticed† (2 still ate the flesh of another human. That by definition is cannibalism. For Pi to go to such an extreme Just to satisfy his hunger confirms that he was willing to do anything to survive, even if it meant disregarding all of his religious and moral believes. Even if it meant that he had to become an animal, Pi was willing to do anything to survive. In the end, despite the food Pi was exposed to while stranded in the ocean, Pi did return to his peaceful life as a vegetarian. When the interviewer went to hear Pi’s incredible story, the interviewer made note of the fact that Pi was an â€Å"excellent cook† (25). Pi happily made the interviewer some vegetarian tacos and zesty macaroni and cheese. It would seem as if Pi never viciously slaughtered turtles or sharks, or had eaten the flesh of another human being. It was as if Pi had forgotten the horrid things that happened on the lifeboat. However, that was the case. Those memories were forever mprinted in Pi’s memory, but Pi was able to move past the killings and continue with the lifestyle that truly made him happy and comfortable before his misfortunes. As Pi stated before, â€Å"a person can get used to anything†. In regards to his eating habits, once Pi returned back to normal civilization, he became accustomed to the habits he had before the shipwreck.